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Proteoglycans

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
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Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain,...
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Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
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Editorial: Special Issue "Galectins: Structure, Function and Therapeutic Inhibitors".

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Galectins are proteins that bind to sugars and are involved in many biological functions. Their emerging roles make them promising targets for new medical diagnostics and therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins.
  • They are implicated in diverse biological processes, including cell adhesion, immune response, and cancer progression.

Discussion:

  • The diverse biological roles of galectins suggest their potential as biomarkers.
  • Understanding galectin functions is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

Key Insights:

  • Galectins are increasingly recognized for their involvement in various physiological and pathological conditions.
  • Their specific binding properties offer opportunities for targeted drug development.

Outlook:

  • Further research into galectin-mediated pathways could reveal novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
  • Targeting galectins may offer new avenues for treating diseases ranging from cancer to autoimmune disorders.