A practical algorithm for acute myeloid leukaemia diagnosis following the updated 2022 classifications

Area of Science:

• Hematology
• Oncology
• Genetics

Background:

• Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) classification is evolving with molecular profiling.
• Recent updates include the 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) and International Consensus Classification.
• European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022 recommendations align with these advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a practical interpretation of updated AML diagnostic and management guidelines.
• To discuss the role of genetic testing, heterogeneity, and FLT3 mutations in AML.
• To propose an algorithm for rapid AML diagnosis.

Main Methods:

• Review of the latest WHO, International Consensus Classification, and ELN guidelines for AML.
• Discussion of genetic profiling techniques and their impact on AML classification.
• Analysis of FLT3 mutations and their significance.

Main Results:

• New classifications offer refined diagnostic criteria for AML.
• Genetic testing is crucial for understanding AML heterogeneity.
• FLT3 mutations are key targets for personalized therapy.

Conclusions:

• Updated guidelines facilitate more accurate AML diagnosis and management.
• Incorporating gene mutation combinations into future classifications will enable personalized AML treatment.
• A practical diagnostic algorithm is proposed to expedite AML identification.