The cluster model of energy transduction in biological systems

The central problem in transduction is to explain how the energy caught from sunlight by chloroplasts becomes biological work. Or to express it in different terms: how does the energy remain trapped in the biological network and not get lost through thermalization into the environment? The pathway consists of an immensely large number of steps crossing hierarchical levels - some upwards, to larger assemblies, others downwards into energy rich molecules - before fuelling an action potential or a contracting cell. Accepting the assumption that steps are executed by protein domains, we expect that transduction mechanisms are the result of conformational changes, which in turn involve rearrangements of the bonds responsible for the protein fold. But why are these essential changes so difficult to detect? In this presentation, the metabolic pathway is viewed as equivalent to an energy conduit composed of equally sized units - the protein domains - rather than a row of catalysts. The flow of energy through them occurs by the same mechanism as through the cytoplasmic medium (water). This mechanism is based on the cluster-wave model of water structure, which successfully explains the transfer of energy through the liquid medium responsible for the build up of osmotic pressure. The analogy to the line of balls called "Newton's cradle" provides a useful comparison, since there the transfer is also invisible to us because the intermediate balls are motionless. It is further proposed that the spatial arrangements of the H-bonds of the α and β secondary structures support wave motion, with the linear and lateral forms of the groups of bonds belonging to the helices and sheets executing the longitudinal and transverse modes, respectively.