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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota
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Dietary protein source alters gut microbiota composition and function.

J Alfredo Blakeley-Ruiz, Alexandria Bartlett, Arthur S McMillan

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
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    Dietary protein sources significantly alter gut microbiota composition and function. Egg white protein, for example, increased bacteria linked to intestinal mucus degradation, impacting host health.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Nutrition Science
    • Gastroenterology

    Background:

    • Dietary protein sources influence life expectancy, but mechanisms are unclear.
    • Gut microbiota composition and function are modulated by diet.
    • Interactions between dietary protein and gut microbiota may explain health outcomes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effects of seven dietary protein sources on mouse gut microbiota.
    • To understand how different proteins impact microbial species and their functions.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized an integrated metagenomics-metaproteomics approach in mice.
    • Measured microbial protein abundances to infer species and functional profiles.

    Main Results:

    • Dietary protein source significantly altered gut microbiota species composition and function.
    • Changes observed in microbial proteins involved in amino acid and glycosylation degradation.
    • Brown rice and egg white protein increased amino acid-degrading enzymes.
    • Egg white protein elevated bacteria and proteins associated with intestinal mucus degradation.

    Conclusions:

    • Dietary protein sources modify gut microbiota metabolism.
    • These changes have potential implications for gut microbiota-mediated diseases.