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Related Concept Videos

Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors01:41

Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors

Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules01:29

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given structure by adding the contributions...
Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Quantitative Locomotion Study of Freely Swimming Micro-organisms Using Laser Diffraction
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Determination of seawater COD spectra using double-loop contraction and sorted frog optimization.

Shiwei Hou1, Yingying Zhang2, Da Yuan1

  • 1Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ocean Environmental Monitoring Technology, National Engineering and Technological Research Center of Marine Monitoring Equipment, No 37 Miaoling Road, 266061 Qingdao, China.

Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research
|April 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

A new algorithm, DC-CRF, improves chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis in seawater using UV-Vis spectroscopy. It significantly reduces spectral data while enhancing prediction accuracy for complex water samples.

Keywords:
UV–Vis spectrophotometrychemical oxygen demandrandom frogseawater monitoringspectrum

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Seawater's complex ionic composition interferes with UV-Vis spectroscopy for chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis.
  • Accurate COD quantification is crucial for monitoring marine water quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel algorithm, the double-contractive cognitive random field (DC-CRF), for robust COD determination in seawater using UV-Vis spectra.
  • To enhance the efficiency and accuracy of spectral data analysis by mitigating interference from salts and ions.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the DC-CRF algorithm incorporating C value-based variable importance and a double-loop structure for random frog leaping and contraction attenuation.
  • Application of DC-CRF combined with partial least squares regression (PLSR) to UV-Vis spectra of seawater samples from Jiaozhou Bay.
  • Comparison with full-spectrum PLSR, RF-PLSR, and CRF-PLSR for variable reduction and predictive performance.

Main Results:

  • DC-CRF-PLSR achieved a 97.5% reduction in input variables compared to full-spectrum PLSR after 1,600 iterations.
  • The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy with a test R-squared of 0.943 and a root mean square error of 1.603.
  • Significant improvements in prediction accuracy and efficiency were observed compared to other methods.

Conclusions:

  • The DC-CRF-PLSR method effectively enhances UV-Vis spectroscopy for rapid COD analysis in complex seawater matrices.
  • This approach provides an efficient solution for spectral optimization and accurate quantification in challenging environmental samples.
  • The study highlights the potential of advanced algorithms in improving analytical techniques for water quality monitoring.