Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

1.9K
Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
1.9K
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

513
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
513
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

20.7K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
20.7K
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

41.5K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
41.5K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

8.5K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
8.5K
Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

47.3K
Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
47.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

What is so special about benzene? A comparison of selected carbon and silicon isomers E<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub> (E = C, Si).

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

Quadruple Bonding of Alkaline Earth Atoms in AeCLi<sub>4</sub> (Ae = Be - Ba) Complexes.

Journal of computational chemistry·2026
Same author

Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Borylones L1-B(Ph)-L2.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Carbones L1-C-L2.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Dinitrogen complexes N<sub>2</sub>L<sub>2</sub> (L = N<sub>2</sub>, CO, CS, NO<sup>+</sup>, CN<sup>-</sup>).

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Foreword to the Special Issue for Shridhar R. Gadre.

Journal of computational chemistry·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Determination of Thermodynamic Properties of Alkaline Earth-liquid Metal Alloys Using the Electromotive Force Technique
12:02

Determination of Thermodynamic Properties of Alkaline Earth-liquid Metal Alloys Using the Electromotive Force Technique

Published on: November 3, 2017

13.1K

Multiple Bonding in AeN- (Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba).

Li-Juan Cui1, Yu-Qian Liu1, Meng-Hui Wang1

  • 1Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum chemical calculations reveal distinct ground states for alkaline earth metal nitride anions (AeN⁻). Calcium nitride (CaN⁻) and strontium nitride (SrN⁻) exhibit triplet ground states, while barium nitride (BaN⁻) shows a singlet ground state.

Keywords:
Dative bondingEDA−NOCV calculationsalkaline-earth nitrogen anionsbonding analysis

More Related Videos

Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis
07:24

Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis

Published on: May 10, 2021

6.0K
Phthalic Acid Ester-Binding DNA Aptamer Selection, Characterization, and Application to an Electrochemical Aptasensor
09:33

Phthalic Acid Ester-Binding DNA Aptamer Selection, Characterization, and Application to an Electrochemical Aptasensor

Published on: March 21, 2018

9.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Determination of Thermodynamic Properties of Alkaline Earth-liquid Metal Alloys Using the Electromotive Force Technique
12:02

Determination of Thermodynamic Properties of Alkaline Earth-liquid Metal Alloys Using the Electromotive Force Technique

Published on: November 3, 2017

13.1K
Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis
07:24

Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis

Published on: May 10, 2021

6.0K
Phthalic Acid Ester-Binding DNA Aptamer Selection, Characterization, and Application to an Electrochemical Aptasensor
09:33

Phthalic Acid Ester-Binding DNA Aptamer Selection, Characterization, and Application to an Electrochemical Aptasensor

Published on: March 21, 2018

9.8K

Area of Science:

  • Computational Chemistry
  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Theoretical Chemistry

Background:

  • Diatomic alkaline earth metal nitride anions (AeN⁻) are of interest due to their unique electronic structures.
  • Understanding their bonding and stability is crucial for predicting their chemical behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic ground states and bonding properties of CaN⁻, SrN⁻, and BaN⁻ using advanced quantum chemical methods.
  • To compare the results obtained from different theoretical approaches, including ab initio and density functional theory.

Main Methods:

  • High-level ab initio calculations: MRCI+Q(8,9)/def2-QZVPPD and CCSD(T)/def2-QZVPPD.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations: BP86-D3(BJ)/def2-QZVPPD.
  • Analysis of charge distribution using CM5, Voronoi, Hirshfeld, and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) methods.
  • Energy Decomposition Analysis with Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence (EDA-NOCV).

Main Results:

  • CaN⁻ and SrN⁻ possess triplet (³Π) ground states with similar bond dissociation energies (Dₑ ≈ 57 kcal/mol).
  • BaN⁻ exhibits a singlet (¹Σ⁺) ground state, only slightly more stable (1.1 kcal/mol) than its triplet (³Σ⁻) state, with a higher Dₑ (68.4 kcal/mol).
  • Charge donation analysis varied significantly between methods; EDA-NOCV indicated covalent bonding involving (n)s and (n-1)d orbitals of heavier alkaline earth atoms.

Conclusions:

  • The electronic ground state of AeN⁻ anions is sensitive to the identity of the alkaline earth metal, transitioning from triplet to singlet from Sr to Ba.
  • Bond lengths and orders do not directly correlate with bond dissociation energies.
  • The bonding in these heavier AeN⁻ species involves significant covalent character contributed by both s and d orbitals.