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Related Concept Videos

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry01:07

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

4.0K
This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...
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Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

1.9K
Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
1.9K
Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

2.1K
Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
2.1K
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.1K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.1K
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

1.7K
Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
1.7K
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

1.7K
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions...
1.7K

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Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
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Radical electron-induced cellulose-semiconductors.

Mikio Fukuhara1, Tomonori Yokotsuka2, Tetsuo Samoto2

  • 1New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan. mikio.fukuhara.b2@tohoku.ac.jp.

Scientific Reports
|April 15, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel bio-semiconductors from kenaf cellulose particles. These materials exhibit unique electrical properties and energy storage, paving the way for sustainable soft electronics and bio-sensors.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Bio-semiconductors offer potential similar to organic semiconductors but remain largely unapplied.
  • Developing sustainable and functional electronic materials is a key research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electrical properties and potential applications of bio-semiconductors derived from granulated amorphous kenaf cellulose particles (AKCPs).
  • To explore electron appearance, negative resistance, rectification, and switching effects in these novel cellulose-based semiconductors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized granulated amorphous kenaf cellulose particles (AKCPs) to create bio-semiconductors.
  • Conducted Hall effect measurements to determine semiconductor type, carrier concentration, mobility, and resistivity.
  • Modeled conduction mechanisms using AC impedance curves.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated N- and S-type negative resistances, rectification, and switching effects.
  • Observed significant energy storage capacities up to 418.5 mJ/m².
  • Identified radical electrons originating from the glycosidic bond (C1-O1·-C4) in cellulose at 295 K.
  • Characterized the material as an n-type semiconductor with a carrier concentration of 9.89 × 10^15/cm³, mobility of 10.66 cm²/Vs, and resistivity of 9.80 × 10² Ωcm at 298 K.

Conclusions:

  • Lightweight and flexible cellulose-semiconductors exhibit promising electrical properties and energy storage capabilities.
  • These findings suggest potential for AKCPs in soft electronics, including switching devices and bio-sensors.
  • The use of renewable natural compounds offers a sustainable pathway for advanced electronic materials.