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Related Concept Videos

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles01:12

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

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The connective tissues play a significant role in arranging the muscle fibers into a hierarchical structure that forms a complete muscle. Consider a muscle like the bicep brachii, commonly called the bicep. This muscle comprises thousands of muscle fibers enclosed by a protective layer of connective tissue called the endomysium. The endomysium is primarily composed of reticular fibers, a type of thin collagen fiber. It allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products at the fiber level,...
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Skeletal Muscle Anatomy00:55

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Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. Skeletal muscles pull on tendons, which in turn pull on bones to carry out voluntary movements.
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Satellite Stem Cells and Muscular Dystrophy01:21

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Satellite stem cells or myosatellite cells are quiescent stem cells that Alexander Mauro first identified in 1961. These cells are located between the sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of muscle fibers, and the basal lamina, the connective tissue sheath covering it. These mononucleated cells are activated in response to muscle injury, can transform into myoblasts, and may form or repair muscle fibers. Myosatellite cells can provide additional myonuclei for muscle regeneration or return to a...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Human Vastus Lateralis Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Using the Weil-Blakesley Conchotome
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Human skeletal muscle aging atlas.

Veronika R Kedlian1, Yaning Wang2,3, Tianliang Liu2,3

  • 1Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.

Nature Aging
|April 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Human skeletal muscle aging involves cellular changes in stem cells and myofibers, impacting frailty and sarcopenia. This study maps these changes to understand aging and develop interventions.

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High-Throughput Contractile Measurements of Hydrogel-Embedded Intact Mouse Muscle Fibers Using an Optics-Based System
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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cell Biology
  • Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Skeletal muscle aging contributes significantly to age-related frailty and sarcopenia.
  • Understanding cellular and molecular changes in aging muscle is crucial for global health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively map the aging process in adult human intercostal muscle at the single-cell and single-nucleus level.
  • To identify specific cellular changes, including in muscle stem cells, myofibers, and the neuromuscular junction, associated with aging.
  • To create a valuable resource for studying muscle aging across species.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing of 90,902 cells and 92,259 nuclei from 17 adult human donors.
  • Analysis of cellular changes across different muscle compartments.
  • Comparative analysis with an in-house mouse muscle atlas.

Main Results:

  • Distinct muscle stem cell subsets show decreased ribosome biogenesis and increased CCL2 expression, leading to varied aging phenotypes.
  • Expansion of nuclei at the neuromuscular junction suggests potential re-innervation.
  • Loss of fast-twitch myofibers is counteracted by regeneration and the upregulation of fast-type markers in slow-twitch myofibers.
  • The aging muscle microenvironment actively attracts immune cells.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides a detailed atlas of human skeletal muscle aging, revealing key cellular mechanisms and adaptations.
  • The findings offer insights into frailty and sarcopenia, with implications for developing targeted interventions.
  • The presented resource facilitates cross-species research on muscle aging.