Orientation Manipulation and Defect Passivation for Perovskite Solar Cells by a Natural Compound

Different facets in perovskite crystals exhibit distinct atomic arrangements, influencing their electronic, physical, and chemical properties. Perovskite films incorporating tin oxide (SnO₂) as the electron transport layer face challenges in facet regulation. This study reveals that tea saponin (TS), a natural compound serves as a SnO₂ modifier, facilitates optimal growth of perovskite crystals on the (111) facet. The modification promotes preferential crystal orientation through hydrogen bond and Lewis coordination. TS forms a chelate with SnO₂, resulting in a smoother film and n-type doping, leading to improved carrier extraction and reduced defects. The TS-modified perovskite solar cells achieve a champion efficiency of 24.2%, leveraging from an obvious enhancement of open-circuit voltage (V_oc) of 1.18 V and fill factor (FF) of 82.8%. The devices also demonstrate enhanced humidity tolerance and storage stability, ensuring improved stability without encapsulation.