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Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...

Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...

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Cardiac Action Potential

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

Published on: May 27, 2022

Forward problem of electrocardiography based on cardiac source vector orientations.

Reshma H¹, Vikas R Bhat², Anitha H¹

¹Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology (Manipal Academy of Higher Education), Manipal-576104, India.

Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express

|April 16, 2024

Summary

This study introduces a novel forward model using vectorcardiography (VCG) signals for non-invasive cardiac activity localization. The VCG-based model captures the anisotropic nature of cardiac electrical activity, improving diagnostic accuracy for conditions like ischemia.

Keywords:

anisotropic orientations electrocardiography forward problem lead field vectorcardiography

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2025

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

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Published on: May 27, 2022

Patient-specific Modeling of the Heart: Estimation of Ventricular Fiber Orientations

Patient-specific Modeling of the Heart: Estimation of Ventricular Fiber Orientations

Published on: January 8, 2013

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Published on: April 11, 2025

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Cardiology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Non-invasive localization of cardiac activity requires accurate forward models relating heart, torso, and detectors.
Conventional methods assume fixed prior sources, potentially leading to misdiagnosis of anomalies with varying orientations.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a new, subject-specific forward model for non-invasive cardiac activity localization.
To improve the accuracy of inverse problem reconstruction by incorporating time-varying lead fields derived from VCG.

Main Methods:

Constructed a novel forward model using subject-specific vectorcardiography (VCG) signals.
Employed three transformation methods to extract VCG and generate time-varying lead fields.
Simulated acute ischemia by delaying depolarization time by 15ms in VCG loops.

Main Results:

The VCG-derived lead fields effectively steered inverse problem reconstruction towards source orientation.
Unit VCG vectors demonstrated the anisotropic nature of cardiac source orientations.
Observed distinct changes in VCG loops for simulated acute ischemia compared to normal subjects.

Conclusions:

Subject-specific VCG signals provide a more accurate representation of cardiac electrical activity for forward modeling.
The proposed method enhances the non-invasive localization and characterization of cardiac abnormalities.
This approach offers improved diagnostic potential for conditions affecting heart electrical activity.