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Related Concept Videos

RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry
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RNA m6A modification, signals for degradation or stabilisation?

Guifeng Wei1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|April 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification impacts RNA stability through

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a crucial RNA modification conserved in eukaryotes.
  • m6A influences RNA metabolism, particularly RNA stability.
  • The dynamic regulation of m6A involves 'writer' (e.g., METTL3/14) and 'demethylase' (e.g., FTO/ALKBH5) complexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the roles of m6A 'reader' proteins in regulating RNA stability.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which canonical (YTHDFs) and non-canonical (IGF2BPs) readers affect mRNA fate.
  • To investigate the complex interplay of m6A with RNA sequence, cellular context, and other regulatory elements.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of m6A 'writer' and 'demethylase' complexes.
  • Characterization of m6A 'reader' proteins, including YTHDFs and IGF2BPs.
Keywords:
N 6-methyladenosineIGF2BPMETTL3YTHDFmRNA stability

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  • Investigation of m6A's impact on LINE1 retrotransposon RNA stability and transcription.

    • Main Results:

    • YTHDF proteins primarily mediate mRNA degradation, while IGF2BPs stabilize mRNA.
    • YTHDC1 plays nuclear roles in regulating m6A-containing RNA fate.
    • m6A's regulation of RNA stability is context-dependent, influenced by sequence, structure, and cellular environment.

    Conclusions:

    • m6A dynamically regulates RNA stability through diverse reader proteins.
    • Understanding m6A's multifaceted roles requires considering its interactions with RNA features and cellular context.
    • Further research is pivotal for deciphering m6A's broader implications in cellular biology.