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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...

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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
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Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
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Electrocardiogram

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

In Silico Clinical Trials for Cardiovascular Disease

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Published on: May 27, 2022

T-wave inversion through inhomogeneous voltage diffusion within the FK3V cardiac model.

E Angelaki^1,2, N Lazarides³, G D Barmparis¹

¹Department of Physics, and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Greece.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)

|April 17, 2024

Summary

This study models cardiac action potential propagation using the Fenton-Karma model. Damaged cardiac cells can cause T-wave inversion in simulated electrocardiograms, revealing insights into cardiovascular disease mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

Computational biology
Cardiac electrophysiology
Biophysics

Background:

Heartbeats result from synchronized cardiomyocyte contractions driven by electrical action potentials.
Modeling action potential propagation and its link to electrocardiograms is crucial for understanding cardiovascular diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To simulate action potential propagation in cardiac tissue using the Fenton-Karma model.
To investigate the impact of damaged cells on electrocardiogram features, specifically T-wave inversion.

Main Methods:

Utilized the three-variable Fenton-Karma model for simulating action potential dynamics.
Incorporated a spatially inhomogeneous voltage diffusion coefficient to represent damaged cardiac cells.
Calculated a pseudo-electrocardiogram to analyze wave propagation and morphology.

Main Results:

The R-wave amplitude followed a double exponential law with respect to the diffusion coefficient.
Spatial inhomogeneity in the diffusion coefficient, simulating damaged cells, led to T-wave inversion in the pseudo-electrocardiogram.
Analyzed the transition of T-wave polarity based on the defected region's size and depth.

Conclusions:

The Fenton-Karma model effectively simulates action potential propagation and its clinical correlates.
Spatially inhomogeneous conductivity due to damaged cardiac cells can predict T-wave abnormalities.
This modeling approach offers a tool for studying the electrophysiological effects of cardiac damage.