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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory function after mild traumatic brain injury in children-a longitudinal case control study.

Janine Gellrich1,2, Claudia Zickmüller1, Theresa Thieme1

  • 1Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|April 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Children with mild traumatic brain injury often experience impaired smell, specifically in detecting odors. This olfactory dysfunction affects 33% of pediatric patients and can persist for a year, impacting daily life.

Keywords:
childrenolfactionposttraumatic olfactory dysfunctiontraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction is a known complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • Prevalence estimates in children vary widely (3-58%), necessitating further research into influencing factors and assessment methods.
  • Olfactory dysfunction can significantly impact a child's quality of life, affecting eating, safety, and social interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prospectively investigate the association between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and olfactory dysfunction in children.
  • To determine the prevalence and persistence of olfactory dysfunction following pediatric mTBI.
  • To explore potential correlations between mTBI symptoms and olfactory deficits.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective longitudinal study involving 75 pediatric patients diagnosed with mTBI and an age-matched healthy control group.
  • Olfactory function was evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks battery, assessing olfactory threshold and odor identification.
  • Follow-up assessments were conducted over one year to monitor olfactory function recovery.

Main Results:

  • Children with mTBI demonstrated significantly impaired olfactory function compared to healthy controls, particularly in olfactory threshold.
  • The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in the pediatric mTBI group was 33% and persisted for at least one year.
  • No significant association was found between common mTBI symptoms (e.g., amnesia, loss of consciousness) and the presence or severity of olfactory dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a common and persistent complication following pediatric mild traumatic brain injury.
  • Routine olfactory function assessment should be considered in the clinical management of children with mTBI.
  • Further long-term follow-up studies are warranted to fully elucidate the recovery trajectory of olfactory function after pediatric mTBI.