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Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Evaluating Cell Death Using Cell-Free Supernatant of Probiotics in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Colorectal Cancer Cells
Published on: June 13, 2020
Akkermansia muciniphila improves gastric cancer treatment by modulating the immune microenvironment
Jianming Fang1, Huizhong Zhang1, Xiaodong Zhang1
1Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, GuangFu Oncology Hospital, Jinhua, 321000, China.
Abstract:
Background: Gut microbiota is pivotal in tumor occurrence and development, and there is a close relationship between Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) and cancer immunotherapy. Methods: The effects of AKK and its outer membrane proteins on gastric cancer (GC) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo using cell counting kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results: AKK outer membrane protein facilitated apoptosis of GC cells and exerted an immunostimulatory effect (by promoting M1 polarization of macrophages, enhancing expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-related cytokines and suppressing that of Treg-related cytokines). Additionally, AKK and its formulation could inhibit tumor growth of GC and enhance the infiltration of immune cells in tumor tissues. Conclusion: AKK could improve GC treatment by modulating the immune microenvironment.
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