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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Efficient Transcriptionally Controlled Plasmid Expression System for Investigation of the Stability of mRNA Transcripts in Primary Alveolar Epithelial Cells
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Dual-role transcription factors stabilize intermediate expression levels.

Jinnan He1, Xiangru Huo1, Gaofeng Pei2

  • 1The IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Cell
|April 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered dual-action transcription factors (TFs) that regulate gene expression. These TFs stabilize intermediate expression levels by reducing high expression and increasing low expression, offering new avenues for gene control.

Keywords:
CRISPR gene modulationbiomolecular condensatecondensate occupancy sequencingcondensate selectivitydevelopmental programdual transcriptional regulationintrinsically disordered regionsnoise reductionprimed expressionstablized expression variation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • Cellular Dynamics

Background:

  • Precise control of gene expression is crucial for cellular function.
  • Mechanisms maintaining intermediate gene expression levels remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the precise maintenance of gene expression levels, particularly at intermediate ranges.
  • To identify novel classes of transcription factors involved in gene expression regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of novel sequencing, imaging, and functional assays.
  • Characterization of transcription factor domains responsible for regulatory functions.
  • Analysis of clinically relevant mutations affecting transcription factor activity.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a class of dual-action transcription factors (TFs) that act as both activators and repressors.
  • These TFs form condensates to selectively compartmentalize transcriptional units, achieving stable intermediate expression levels.
  • Mutations in TF condensate-forming domains disrupt selectivity and dual-action activity, linking them to developmental disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Dual-action TFs play a critical role in establishing and maintaining precise gene expression levels.
  • Condensate formation by TFs is essential for their dual regulatory functions and selectivity.
  • Understanding these TFs offers potential for engineering controlled gene expression and insights into developmental disorders.