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Related Concept Videos

Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
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The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Trabecular bone variation in the gorilla calcaneus.

Christine M Harper1, Biren A Patel2,3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, USA.

American Journal of Biological Anthropology
|April 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gorilla calcaneal bone structure varies by subspecies, with differences in trabecular spacing potentially linked to locomotion. These findings offer insights into primate biomechanics and evolution.

Keywords:
anklearborealityfootterrestriality

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Area of Science:

  • Primate anatomy
  • Paleoanthropology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Calcaneal shape varies in primates based on locomotion.
  • Relationships between calcaneal trabecular structure and locomotion are not well understood.
  • Gorilla taxa exhibit distinct external calcaneal morphologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze calcaneal trabecular architecture in three gorilla taxa.
  • To investigate general trends and specific differences in calcaneal structure relative to locomotion.
  • To compare Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Gorilla beringei beringei, and G. b. graueri.

Main Methods:

  • Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scanning of calcanei.
  • 3D geometric morphometric analysis and landmark-based positioning of volumes of interest.
  • Calculation of trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), spacing (Tb.Sp), and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) using BoneJ and MATLAB.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in raw bone volume fraction (BV/TV) or trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) were found among gorilla taxa.
  • Gorilla beringei beringei showed significant differences in z-scores for BV/TV and Tb.Th.
  • Gorilla beringei graueri exhibited distinct Tb.Sp z-scores, indicating varied spacing distributions.

Conclusions:

  • Higher Tb.Th and BV/TV in the anterior calcaneus likely relate to forces from body mass and subtalar joint transmission.
  • Distinct Tb.Sp patterns in G. b. graueri may correlate with proposed differences in foot positioning during locomotion.
  • Calcaneal trabecular architecture provides insights into functional adaptations in gorillas.