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Related Concept Videos

Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

1.1K
The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

2.2K
Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
2.2K
Conformations of Butane02:20

Conformations of Butane

14.2K
Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are...
14.2K
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

1.1K
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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1.1K
Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

52.3K
When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
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Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions
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Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

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Methane emission from a cool brown dwarf.

Jacqueline K Faherty1,2, Ben Burningham3, Jonathan Gagné4,5

  • 1Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA. jfaherty@amnh.org.

Nature
|April 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Astronomers detected strong methane emissions from an isolated brown dwarf, CWISEP J193518.59-154620.3 (W1935). This suggests auroral processes may cause atmospheric temperature inversions in such objects.

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Area of Science:

  • Exoplanetary Science
  • Atmospheric Physics
  • Brown Dwarf Research

Background:

  • Aurorae are observed on giant planets in our Solar System, with infrared signatures like H3+ and methane.
  • Previous searches for infrared aurorae on isolated brown dwarfs with radio auroral signatures yielded null results.
  • CWISEP J193518.59-154620.3 (W1935) is an isolated brown dwarf with a temperature of approximately 482 K.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate infrared emission features of the isolated brown dwarf W1935.
  • To determine the atmospheric conditions and potential energy sources driving observed phenomena in W1935.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) for infrared observations of W1935.
  • Conducted atmospheric modeling to interpret the observed spectral features, specifically methane emission.
  • Compared observational data with models to understand atmospheric temperature profiles and composition.

Main Results:

  • Detected strong methane emission at 3.326 μm from W1935 using JWST.
  • Atmospheric modeling revealed a significant temperature inversion of approximately 300 K centered at 1-10 mbar.
  • The model ruled out the contribution of H3+ emission, unlike in Solar System gas giants.

Conclusions:

  • The observed temperature inversion in W1935's atmosphere is unusual for an isolated brown dwarf, suggesting a non-standard heating mechanism.
  • Auroral processes are a plausible explanation for the atmospheric heating and temperature inversion.
  • The absence of H3+ emission is consistent with its rapid destruction at the higher pressures relevant to W1935's observed emission layer.