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Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich...
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Membrane Fluidity01:26

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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
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Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
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Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
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Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers
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Shear-Induced Nonequilibrium Patterns in Lipid Bilayer Membranes Exhibiting Phase Separation.

Tsutomu Hamada1, Shino Mizuno1, Hiroyuki Kitahata2

  • 1School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi City, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|April 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Fluid lipid membranes under shear flow form stripe patterns, transitioning to wave patterns at higher flow rates. This reveals dynamic structures in nonequilibrium biological membranes.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Biophysical chemistry
  • Interface science

Background:

  • Nonequilibrium dynamics of fluid lipid membranes are crucial across multiple scientific disciplines.
  • Plasma membrane heterogeneity can be mimicked by lipid vesicles with order-disorder phase separation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the dynamic response of phase-separated lipid vesicles to shear flow.
  • Observe shear-induced nonequilibrium patterns on the membrane surface.

Main Methods:

  • Immobilizing lipid vesicles in a microfluidic chamber.
  • Observing membrane surface patterns using an optical microscope.

Main Results:

  • Phase-separated membranes formed dissipative stripe patterns aligned with vortex flow.
  • The number of stripes increased with applied flow rate.
  • A stripe-to-wave transition occurred at high flow rates, featuring domain migration and phase replacement.

Conclusions:

  • A dynamic phase diagram for shear-induced wave patterns was established by varying flow rate, membrane components, and temperature.
  • Findings offer insights into lipid membrane dissipative structures out of equilibrium.
  • The study sheds light on flow-mediated mechanotransduction in biological membranes.