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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues
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Epitranscriptomic Regulations in the Heart.

D Benak1, F Kolar, M Hlavackova

  • 1Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic. daniel.benak@fgu.cas.cz.

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|April 18, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epitranscriptomic RNA modifications, like N6-methyladenosine (m6A), are crucial for heart function. Their dysregulation is linked to cardiovascular diseases, offering potential new therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • RNA modifications regulate gene expression and cellular processes.
  • Epitranscriptomics, the study of RNA modifications, significantly impacts cellular physiology and disease.
  • These modifications are vital in cardiovascular health and disease pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of abundant RNA modifications in the heart.
  • To explore the connection between epitranscriptomic dysregulation and cardiovascular diseases.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of understanding these mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on key RNA modifications.
  • Analysis of studies investigating RNA modifications in cardiac function and disease.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on epitranscriptomic regulation in the heart.

Main Results:

  • N6-methyladenosine (m6A), N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), pseudouridine (?), 5 methylcytidine (m5C), and inosine (I) are abundant RNA modifications.
  • Dysregulation of these modifications alters cardiac phenotype.
  • Altered epitranscriptomic machinery is associated with myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathies, and heart failure.

Conclusions:

  • Epitranscriptomic changes significantly influence cardiac health and disease.
  • Understanding these RNA modifications provides insights into cardiovascular disease mechanisms.
  • Targeting epitranscriptomic pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies for heart conditions.