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Equilibrium and Balance

Equilibrium and Balance

The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...

The Vestibular System

The Vestibular System

The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.

Glaucoma: Overview

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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Focused Update on Migraine and Vertigo Comorbidity.

Tzu-Chou Huang¹, Qadeer Arshad^2,3, Amir Kheradmand^4,5,6,7

¹Living Water Neurological Clinic, Tainan, Taiwan. joetchuang@gmail.com.

Current Pain and Headache Reports

|April 18, 2024

Summary

Vestibular migraine involves multisensory processing issues, distinct from other vestibular disorders. Understanding these links is key for diagnosis and treatment of migraine with vestibular symptoms.

Keywords:

Dizziness Headache Migraine Vertigo Vestibular migraine Vestibular symptoms

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In Vivo Morphometric Analysis of Human Cranial Nerves Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Menière's Disease Ears and Normal Hearing Ears

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Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache

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Published on: July 29, 2021

Area of Science:

Neurology
Otolaryngology
Neuroscience

Background:

Migraine frequently co-occurs with vestibular symptoms.
Differentiating vestibular migraine from secondary migraine phenomena is clinically important.

Purpose of the Study:

To update on the comorbidity of vestibular symptoms and migraine.
To clarify the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment of vestibular migraine.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on vestibular migraine.
Analysis of experimental evidence on multisensory processing in vestibular migraine.

Main Results:

Vestibular migraine is characterized by multisensory processing and integration deficits.
Distinguishing vestibular migraine from secondary migraine triggered by vestibular disorders is crucial.
Recent evidence links vestibular symptoms in vestibular migraine to body motion and spatial orientation mechanisms.

Conclusions:

Vestibular migraine diagnosis requires careful differentiation from other vestibular disorders.
Multisensory mechanisms are central to understanding vestibular migraine.
Further research into pathophysiology can guide treatment strategies.