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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

5.9K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
5.9K
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

17.1K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Isothermal Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals Driven by Dynamic Covalent Chemistry.

Daniel Martínez1, Tim Schlossarek2, Frank Würthner2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|April 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic covalent chemistry enables isothermal phase transitions in calamitic liquid crystals. Researchers achieved transitions to crystal, isotropic, and smectic phases by reacting nematic arrays with various amines, creating adaptable liquid crystal systems.

Keywords:
Adaptive MaterialsDynamic covalent chemistryImine chemistryLiquid crystalsPhase transitions

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Calamitic liquid crystals exhibit dynamic properties exploitable for phase transitions.
  • Dynamic covalent chemistry offers a route to control material transformations.
  • Isothermal phase transitions are desirable for energy-efficient material processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate isothermal phase transitions in liquid crystals driven by dynamic covalent chemistry.
  • To explore the influence of amine structure on phase transformation outcomes.
  • To design adaptable liquid crystal systems with tunable properties.

Main Methods:

  • On-surface imination reactions between nematic liquid crystal arrays and various amines.
  • Characterization using microscopy, spectroscopy, and X-ray techniques.
  • Sequential imination and transimination processes to achieve controlled transformations.

Main Results:

  • Achieved isothermal transitions from nematic to crystal, isotropic, and smectic phases.
  • Demonstrated thermotropic liquid crystal behavior in the resulting materials.
  • Successfully induced sequential phase transformations (nematic to smectic to nematic) via temperature control.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic covalent chemistry effectively drives isothermal phase transitions in liquid crystals.
  • The choice of amine dictates the resulting phase and material properties.
  • This research enables the design of programmable, adaptive liquid crystal materials.