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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

3.3K
The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
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Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

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Effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on cellular function: Role in atherosclerosis.

Minwen Xu1, Wenjun Wang2, Jingpei Cheng3

  • 1Clinical Skills Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie
|April 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to atherosclerosis by increasing oxidative stress and inflammation. This review explores its role in atherosclerosis risk factors and key vascular cells.

Keywords:
ApoptosisAtherosclerosisMitochondrial dysfunctionOxidative stressROS

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Mitochondrial Medicine
  • Immunoinflammation

Background:

  • Atherosclerosis is an immunoinflammatory disease of arteries linked to major cardiovascular events.
  • Chronic inflammation and lipoprotein metabolism issues are key drivers.
  • Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis.
  • To examine the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and atherosclerosis risk factors.
  • To discuss the impact on key vascular cells involved in atherosclerosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on mitochondrial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
  • Analysis of the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction, risk factors, and cellular mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of current understanding regarding open questions in the field.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction increases reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
  • It contributes to intracellular lipid deposition, a hallmark of atherosclerosis.
  • Dysfunctional mitochondria impair endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is a significant factor in atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
  • Understanding this link offers potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease.
  • Further research is needed to address open questions regarding mitochondrial roles.