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Related Concept Videos

Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Ovaries01:26

Ovaries

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The ovaries are roughly the size of almonds and measure approximately 2 to 3 centimeters in length. These paired structures are situated within the pelvic region and are anchored by the mesovarium—a peritoneal extension that also connects them to the wider structure of the broad ligament. The support system extends to the suspensory ligament, housing blood and lymphatic vessels. In addition, the ovarian ligament tethers the ovaries to the uterus.
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model
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Polycystic ovary syndrome.

Elisabet Stener-Victorin1, Helena Teede2, Robert J Norman3

  • 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. elisabet.stener-victorin@ki.se.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects millions globally, yet remains understudied. Research is crucial to understand PCOS causes, improve diagnosis, and develop effective treatments for enhanced patient quality of life.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 11-13% of women globally, presenting a significant health and economic burden.
  • PCOS diagnosis requires specific criteria, but current guidelines differ for adults and adolescents.
  • The condition is linked to insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and increased risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the understudied nature of PCOS and its widespread impact.
  • To emphasize the need for further research into PCOS etiology and pathophysiology.
  • To advocate for improved diagnostic criteria and personalized treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current diagnostic guidelines for PCOS in adults and adolescents.
  • Analysis of the physiological and psychological manifestations of PCOS.
  • Examination of the current treatment landscape and research gaps.

Main Results:

  • PCOS is associated with significant reproductive issues, including infertility and pregnancy complications.
  • Mental health comorbidities like anxiety and depression are prevalent in PCOS patients.
  • Current treatment approaches are often ad hoc due to a limited understanding of PCOS mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is essential to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of PCOS.
  • Refining diagnostic criteria and exploring novel biomarkers are critical for early and accurate diagnosis.
  • Advancing treatment modalities through personalized medicine approaches is needed to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.