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Related Concept Videos

Metacognition01:26

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Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
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Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
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Transparency in Cognitive Training Meta-analyses: A Meta-review.

Alejandro Sandoval-Lentisco1, Rubén López-Nicolás2, Miriam Tortajada2

  • 1Department Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. alejandro.sandovall@um.es.

Neuropsychology Review
|April 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This meta-review found that while cognitive training meta-analyses report study searches well, they often omit details on statistical methods and primary data. Improved transparency is needed for future cognitive training reviews.

Keywords:
Cognitive trainingEligibility criteriaMeta-reviewPracticesTransparency

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive science
  • Psychology
  • Medical research methodology

Background:

  • Meta-analyses offer flexibility in design and analysis, necessitating transparent reporting of all factors influencing results.
  • The field of cognitive training is marked by ongoing controversy, highlighting the need for rigorous and transparent meta-analytic reviews.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the transparency of meta-analyses examining the benefits of cognitive training.
  • To identify areas where reporting practices in cognitive training meta-analyses can be improved.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-review was conducted, including 97 meta-analytic reviews on cognitive training benefits across diverse populations.
  • Included reviews covered various clinical conditions and age groups.
  • Reporting transparency was evaluated across study selection, data collection, statistical parameters, and eligibility criteria.

Main Results:

  • Most reviews transparently detailed study search, screening, and data collection procedures.
  • Authors frequently failed to report specific meta-analytic parameters, effect size computation formulas, or primary study data used.
  • Significant heterogeneity was observed in eligibility criteria (e.g., training duration, age), and preregistered protocols often lacked clarity on handling data multiplicity or publication bias.

Conclusions:

  • While not questioning cognitive training benefits, this meta-review highlights critical transparency deficits in existing meta-analyses.
  • Future meta-analyses must improve reporting of statistical methods, primary data, and adhere strictly to preregistered protocols and eligibility criteria for enhanced reliability.