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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Medical Imaging
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) offers noninvasive neuromodulation for research and clinical use.
    • Accurate targeting and localization of the tFUS beam are critical to avoid off-target effects and damage.
    • Current methods require precise spatial accuracy for effective brain stimulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel method for accurate targeting and localization of the tFUS beam.
    • To combine optical tracking with MR acoustic radiation force imaging for enhanced precision.
    • To provide steering coordinates for targeting specific brain regions within a clinically practical timeframe.

    Main Methods:

    • An optically tracked hydrophone and MR imaging were used for coordinate transformation and bias correction.
    • Focused ultrasound (FUS) focus coordinates were translated into MR space for targeting and error correction.
    • The method was validated in vivo across 18 macaque transcranial focused ultrasound studies.

    Main Results:

    • A single localization scan reduced the average targeting error from 4.8 mm to 1.4 mm.
    • The method enabled targeting of multiple brain regions from a single transducer position.
    • High accuracy was achieved in localizing the tFUS beam in vivo.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed method significantly improves the accuracy of tFUS targeting.
    • This advancement facilitates the study of tFUS neuromodulation with complex stimulation approaches.
    • Enables precise, multi-site brain stimulation for future neuroscience research.