Recent advances in gold nanoparticles-based biosensors for tuberculosis determination

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major killer diseases affecting lung parenchymal tissues. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the bacterium that causes it. It most commonly affects the lungs, although it can affect any part of the body, including the stomach, glands, bones, and nervous system. Although anti-mycobacterial drugs are available, it remains a major threat to public health due to the rise of drug-resistant strains, and early and accurate diagnosis is very important. Currently, research science and medical communities are focusing on the use of cost-effective biosensors to manage human biological processes and assess accurate health diagnostics. Due to their high sensitivity in chemical and biological assays, nanomaterials have been considered in the field of biosensors for better diagnosis, and among them, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can play an important role in accelerating the diagnosis of TB. Superior biocompatibility, conductivity, catalytic properties, high surface-to-volume ratio, and high density enable their widespread use in the fabrication of biosensors. This review evaluates the diagnostic accuracy of AuNP-based biosensors for the detection of Mtb. According to different transducers of biosensors, their structure, performance, advantages and limitations are summarized and compared. Moreover, the upcoming challenges in their analytical performance have been highlighted and the strategies to overcome those challenges have been briefly discussed.