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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Transposon insertion in Rothia dentocariosa.

Boang Liu1, Chiho Mashimo2, Takayuki Nambu2

  • 1Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, Japan.

Journal of Oral Biosciences
|April 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers successfully developed a genetic modification platform for Rothia dentocariosa, a key oral bacterium. This breakthrough enables genetic studies of R. dentocariosa, advancing our understanding of oral microbiome roles.

Keywords:
Genetic modificationRothia dentocariosaTransposon insertion mutagenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Oral Health

Background:

  • Rothia spp. are significant oral bacteria, with Rothia dentocariosa being highly prevalent.
  • Limited genetic-level studies exist for Rothia spp., hindering a deeper understanding of their oral health impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Establish a genetic modification platform for Rothia dentocariosa.
  • Enable future genetic investigations into the role of R. dentocariosa in the oral microbiome.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and identification of Rothia spp. from saliva samples using PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing.
  • Transformation of R. dentocariosa strains with plasmid pJRD215 to identify a highly transformable strain (LX16).
  • Application of transposon insertion mutagenesis and screening for resistant mutants to confirm genetic modification feasibility.

Main Results:

  • Identification of Rothia dentocariosa LX16, a strain with high transformation efficiency.
  • Successful induction of transposon insertion mutagenesis in R. dentocariosa LX16.
  • Confirmation of transposon insertion sites using arbitrary primed PCR, gene-specific PCR, and Sanger sequencing.

Conclusions:

  • This study reports the first successful genetic modification of Rothia dentocariosa.
  • The established platform facilitates genetic analysis of R. dentocariosa.
  • Genetic insights into R. dentocariosa will enhance understanding of its function within the oral microbiome.