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Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides01:18

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

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Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.
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Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:19

Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

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Intermolecular forces dictate several physical properties such as boiling points, melting points, solubilities, and so forth. They are classified into four types: ionic forces, hydrogen bonds, dipole–dipole forces, and dispersion forces. Ionic forces are the strongest, while dispersion forces are the weakest.
Among the carboxylic acid derivatives, the boiling points of acid chlorides and esters are very similar and are the lowest in the series. Acid anhydrides have slightly higher boiling...
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Halogens03:01

Halogens

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Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Crown Ethers02:36

Crown Ethers

5.2K
Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether...
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α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:14

α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

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Unlike aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids do not readily participate in α halogenation reactions via enols or enolate intermediates. However, α-halogenated acids are obtained through other methods. One of the approaches is the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction, wherein the carboxylic acid is treated with halogen in the presence of PBr3. It involves the conversion of acid to acid halide, which exists in equilibrium with its enol form. The enol attacks the...
3.3K
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

16.5K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylate compounds: A review.

Elisabetta Bucaletti1, Carolina Barola1, Roberta Galarini1

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Newer per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), like chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates (ClPFPECAs), are detected in the environment and wildlife. Their safety compared to legacy PFASs remains uncertain.

Keywords:
Chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates (ClPFPECAs)Liquid-chromatography high resolution mass -spectrometrySoilWateranimal and vegetative tissuesper- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Toxicology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are replacing legacy compounds without full toxicological data.
  • Chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates (ClPFPECAs) are a new class used in fluoropolymer production, replacing perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and occurrence of ClPFPECAs in environmental and biological samples.
  • To assess the potential risks associated with these emerging PFASs.

Main Methods:

  • Non-targeted analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS).
  • Monitoring environmental matrices (soil, water, vegetation, wildlife) and biological fluids (workers, general population).

Main Results:

  • ClPFPECAs were detected in soil, water, wildlife, and human biological fluids in the US and Italy.
  • Widespread occurrence was observed, even in non-industrialized areas.
  • Toxicological data indicate adverse effects similar to legacy PFASs, but carcinogenic and reproductive potentials are unknown.

Conclusions:

  • The widespread presence of ClPFPECAs raises concerns about their environmental persistence and potential health impacts.
  • The safety of many PFAS alternatives to traditional compounds is questionable.
  • Further research is needed to understand the full toxicological profile and risks of ClPFPECAs.