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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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The Environment and Headache: a Narrative Review.

Holly Elser1, Caroline F G Kruse2, Brian S Schwartz3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. Holly.Elser@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.

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|April 20, 2024
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Summary

Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and environmental factors like temperature and reduced greenspace are linked to increased headache prevalence. More research is needed on environmental impacts on headache disorders.

Keywords:
Air pollutionGreenspaceMigraineNoise pollutionOil and gasPesticidesTension-type headacheWeather

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Neurology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Primary headache disorders, including migraine, affect over half the global population.
  • Ambient environmental risk factors are increasingly recognized as potential contributors to headache disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize peer-reviewed literature from 2017-2022 on ambient environmental risk factors for primary headache disorders.
  • To identify gaps in current research regarding environmental exposures and headache conditions.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of studies identified via PubMed and Google Scholar.
  • Inclusion criteria focused on literature evaluating ambient environmental risk factors for primary headache disorders.
  • Seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria, with studies conducted across multiple countries.

Main Results:

  • Air pollution, particularly long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), was associated with increased migraine prevalence and severity.
  • Elevated ambient temperature, weather changes, oil and gas well exposure, and reduced natural greenspace were also linked to headaches.
  • Short-term PM2.5 exposure showed inconsistent associations; noise pollution was not consistently associated with headaches. Water pollution, metal exposure, and wildfire smoke were understudied.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term PM2.5 exposure and other environmental factors represent significant risks for primary headache disorders, especially migraine.
  • Future research should employ longitudinal and case-crossover designs to better understand the episodic nature of headaches and environmental influences.
  • Investigating the interplay of comorbid psychiatric conditions and socioeconomic factors is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of environmental impacts on headache.