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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

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The sign effect in temporal discounting does not require the hippocampus.

Virginie M Patt¹, Caroline Strang¹, Mieke Verfaellie²

¹Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.

Neuropsychologia

|April 20, 2024

Summary

The temporal discounting sign effect, where people value future losses more than gains, does not require episodic memory. This suggests anticipatory emotions in decision-making rely on semantic future thinking, not personal past experiences.

Keywords:

Amnesia Hippocampus Money loss versus gain Sign effect Temporal discounting intertemporal choice

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Neuroeconomics
Decision Science

Background:

Humans exhibit a temporal discounting sign effect, undervaluing future gains more than losses.
This effect is hypothesized to stem from anticipatory emotions like dread and savoring, linked to episodic future thinking.
Episodic future thinking involves mentally simulating specific past or future events.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether episodic future thinking is essential for the temporal discounting sign effect.
To examine intertemporal decision-making in individuals with hippocampal amnesia, who have impaired episodic simulation.
To differentiate the sign effect from loss aversion.

Main Methods:

Compared intertemporal choices of individuals with hippocampal amnesia to healthy controls.
Assessed the magnitude of the temporal discounting sign effect in both groups.
Measured loss aversion to control for its influence on decision-making.

Main Results:

Participants with hippocampal amnesia showed a sign effect comparable in magnitude to controls.
Loss aversion was greater in the hippocampal amnesia group but did not explain the sign effect.
The findings indicate the sign effect is independent of hippocampal-dependent episodic memory.

Conclusions:

The temporal discounting sign effect does not rely on the integrity of episodic future thinking.
Anticipatory emotions influencing decisions may utilize semantic future thinking, drawing on general knowledge.
This suggests a dissociation between episodic and semantic future thinking in economic decision-making.