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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Noncoding RNAs in skeletal development and disorders.

Qing Yao1, Tailin He2, Jian-You Liao3,4

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China. yaoq@sustech.edu.cn.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate gene expression and are crucial for skeletal development. This review details ncRNA roles in skeletal health and diseases like osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Protein-encoding genes represent <2% of human DNA; the rest was termed "junk DNA".
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute ~60% of cellular transcriptional output.
  • ncRNAs are vital regulators of gene expression in cellular processes and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the classification, biogenesis, and function of ncRNAs.
  • To elucidate the role of ncRNAs in skeletal development and gene regulation.
  • To summarize ncRNA involvement in skeletal diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and integration of current research.
  • Analysis of in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo studies.
  • Focus on ncRNA regulation of skeletal genes and pathways.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs play essential roles in regulating genes critical for skeletal development.
  • ncRNA networks modulate gene expression in normal and pathological conditions.
  • Specific ncRNAs are implicated in osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and other skeletal disorders.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are key regulators in skeletal biology.
  • Dysregulation of ncRNAs contributes to skeletal diseases.
  • Further research into ncRNAs offers therapeutic potential for skeletal disorders.
  • Main_Results