Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Restriction Enzymes01:11

Restriction Enzymes

30.7K
Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...
30.7K
CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

17.0K
Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
17.0K
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

63.6K
Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
63.6K
Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

8.1K
Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
8.1K
RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

9.0K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
9.0K
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

15.3K
Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
15.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Trends and socioeconomic-spatial inequalities in hypertension among Muslim women in India, 2015-2021: evidence from the National Family Health Surveys.

Frontiers in public health·2026
Same author

A Comparative Analysis of Fertility-Sparing Surgery and Complete Staging Surgery in Early Stage Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Impact on Oncological Outcomes.

Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India·2026
Same author

Infographic: efficacy and safety of intravitreal siRNA therapy for acute NAION (QRK207 trial).

Eye (London, England)·2026
Same author

Infographic: optic nerve decompression surgery for NAION (IONDT Trial).

Eye (London, England)·2026
Same author

Impact of concurrent colonic CMV infection on clinical outcomes in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis.

European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)·2026
Same author

Efficacy and outcomes of 360° laser retinopexy versus focal laser photocoagulation for retinal detachment.

Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a Bioindicator for Zinc-Limited Growth Conditions in Mycobacteria
08:24

Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a Bioindicator for Zinc-Limited Growth Conditions in Mycobacteria

Published on: September 20, 2024

465

Restriction modification systems in archaea: A panoramic outlook.

Pallavi Gulati1, Ashish Singh2, Sandeep Patra1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.

Heliyon
|April 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Restriction modification (RM) systems defend archaea and bacteria against phages by cleaving foreign DNA. This review details RM enzyme diversity and function in archaea, addressing limited research due to cultivation challenges.

Keywords:
ArchaeaDNA methylationDefense responseEndonucleaseMethyltransferaseRestriction-modification system

More Related Videos

In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity
09:16

In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity

Published on: March 25, 2020

7.3K
Author Spotlight: Understanding Microbe Adaptation Using Innovative Techniques for Exploring Thermophilic Evolution
08:11

Author Spotlight: Understanding Microbe Adaptation Using Innovative Techniques for Exploring Thermophilic Evolution

Published on: June 14, 2024

745

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a Bioindicator for Zinc-Limited Growth Conditions in Mycobacteria
08:24

Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a Bioindicator for Zinc-Limited Growth Conditions in Mycobacteria

Published on: September 20, 2024

465
In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity
09:16

In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity

Published on: March 25, 2020

7.3K
Author Spotlight: Understanding Microbe Adaptation Using Innovative Techniques for Exploring Thermophilic Evolution
08:11

Author Spotlight: Understanding Microbe Adaptation Using Innovative Techniques for Exploring Thermophilic Evolution

Published on: June 14, 2024

745

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Restriction modification (RM) systems are primitive defense mechanisms in bacteria and archaea.
  • These systems protect hosts from bacteriophages by degrading foreign DNA.
  • RM systems involve restriction endonucleases and methyltransferases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diversity of RM systems in archaea.
  • To summarize current knowledge on archaeal restriction and modification enzymes.
  • To explore the role of RM systems in archaeal biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of RM systems in archaea.
  • Analysis of characterized restriction and modification enzymes.
  • Synthesis of existing data on archaeal RM system functions.

Main Results:

  • Limited reports on archaeal RM enzymes exist due to cultivation difficulties.
  • RM systems are crucial for archaeal defense against viral predation.
  • Diverse RM systems are present across various archaeal lineages.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to fully understand archaeal RM systems.
  • Characterization of archaeal RM enzymes is essential for archaeal biology.
  • RM systems represent a key component of archaeal immunity.