Long-term investigation of methane and carbon dioxide emissions in two Italian landfills

Landfills play a key role as greenhouse gas (GHGs) emitters, and urgently need assessment and management plans development to swiftly reduce their climate impact. In this context, accurate emission measurements from landfills under different climate and management would reduce the uncertainty in emission accounting. In this study, more than one year of long-term high-frequency data of CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes were collected in two Italian landfills (Giugliano and Case Passerini) with contrasting management (gas recovery VS no management) using eddy covariance (EC), with the aim to i) investigate the relation between climate drivers and CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes at different time intervals and ii) to assess the overall GHG balances including the biogas extraction and energy recovery components. Results indicated a higher net atmospheric CO₂ source (5.7 ± 5.3 g m² d^-1) at Giugliano compared to Case Passerini (2.4 ± 4.9 g m² d^-1) as well as one order of magnitude higher atmospheric CH₄ fluxes (6.0 ± 5.7 g m² d^-1 and 0.7 ± 0.6 g m² d^-1 respectively). Statistical analysis highlighted that fluxes were mainly driven by thermal variables, followed by water availability, with their relative importance changing according to the time-interval considered. The rate of change in barometric pressure (dP/dt) influenced CH₄ patterns and magnitude in the classes ranging from -1.25 to +1.25 Pa h^-1, with reduction when dP/dt > 0 and increase when dP/dt < 0, whilst a clear pattern was not observed when all dP/dt classes were analyzed. When including management, the total atmospheric GHG balance computed for the two landfills of Giugliano and Case Passerini was 174 g m² d^-1 and 79 g m² d^-1 respectively, of which 168 g m² d^-1 and 20 g m² d^-1 constituted by CH₄ fluxes.