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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
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High-Entropy Oxides for Rechargeable Batteries.

Biao Ran1, Huanxin Li2, Ruiqi Cheng1

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High-entropy oxides (HEOs) offer unique advantages for rechargeable batteries, including structural diversity and conductivity. This review details their current status, challenges, and applications in energy storage.

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configuration entropy;high‐entropy oxides;ionic conductivity;structural stability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • High-entropy oxides (HEOs) are recognized for their unique structural attributes, tunable compositions, entropy-driven stabilization, and high ionic conductivity.
  • These properties make HEOs highly promising for energy conversion and storage applications, particularly in rechargeable batteries.
  • A comprehensive review is needed to consolidate current knowledge and address challenges for researchers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the current state and challenges of high-entropy oxides in rechargeable batteries.
  • To distill the structural characteristics, ionic conductivity, and entropy stabilization effects of HEOs.
  • To explore the diverse applications of HEOs in various rechargeable battery chemistries and components.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on high-entropy oxides.
  • Analysis of structural features, intrinsic properties, and synthetic methodologies of HEOs.
  • Examination of HEOs' performance as anode/cathode materials, electrolytes, and electrocatalysts in rechargeable batteries.

Main Results:

  • HEOs exhibit significant potential due to their structural complexity and enhanced ionic transport.
  • Applications span lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and lithium-sulfur batteries, covering electrodes, electrolytes, and catalysts.
  • Key challenges include optimizing structural stability and electrochemical performance for practical applications.

Conclusions:

  • High-entropy oxides represent a rapidly evolving field with substantial promise for next-generation rechargeable batteries.
  • Further research is crucial for designing and optimizing HEO compositions to improve battery performance and longevity.
  • This review serves as a guide for researchers aiming to advance HEOs in energy storage and conversion.