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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Determining Gender-Based Differences in Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Underweight Individuals via Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography
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Nutrition: Micronutrients.

Erin England1, Cynthia Cheng2

  • 1Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases - Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Micronutrient deficiencies are common, especially in at-risk groups. While multivitamins offer no overall benefit for most, a daily supplement may help those with unbalanced diets, but consult a doctor for proper dosage and interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Dietary Supplementation

Background:

  • Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are vital for health, needed in small amounts.
  • Deficiencies arise from calorie restriction, poor appetite, restrictive diets, or low intake of nutrient-rich foods.
  • At-risk populations include older adults, pregnant individuals, those with alcohol use disorder, vegetarians/vegans, and individuals with medical conditions or long-term drug use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes and risks of micronutrient deficiencies.
  • To identify commonly deficient micronutrients requiring supplementation.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of multivitamin supplementation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on micronutrient deficiencies and supplementation.
  • Analysis of results from large-scale randomized trials on multivitamin use.
  • Assessment of potential adverse effects and drug interactions of dietary supplements.

Main Results:

  • Commonly supplemented micronutrients include vitamin D, iron, vitamin A, zinc, folate, and iodine.
  • Large trials show no general benefit of multivitamins for most individuals.
  • Daily multivitamins may benefit patients with consistently unbalanced diets.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary supplements can correct deficiencies but high doses pose risks.
  • Patients should adhere to recommended dosages and report adverse effects to physicians.
  • Physicians and pharmacists should guide patients on supplement-drug interactions.