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Microbial Morphologies

Microbial Morphologies

Bacterial and archaeal cells exhibit remarkable diversity in shape and structure, critical in their adaptability and functionality. Among bacteria, the most commonly observed shapes include cocci and bacilli. Cocci are spherical and may exist singly or in groupings such as pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), clusters (staphylococci), or tetrads. Bacilli, in contrast, are rod-shaped and can also occur as single cells, in pairs, or chains, depending on their environmental and genetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Three-dimensional Biomimetic Technology: Novel Biorubber Creates Defined Micro- and Macro-scale Architectures in Collagen Hydrogels

Three-dimensional Biomimetic Technology: Novel Biorubber Creates Defined Micro- and Macro-scale Architectures in Collagen Hydrogels

Published on: February 12, 2016

Engineered Living Structures with Shape-Morphing Capability Enabled by 4D Printing with Functional Bacteria.

Shan Liu¹, Muxuan Yang¹, Cade Smarr²

¹School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States.

ACS Applied Bio Materials

|April 22, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created 3D-printed living structures using bacteria and hydrogels. These bifunctional materials produce cellulose nanofibers and exhibit shape-changing abilities, mimicking silkworms for advanced applications.

Keywords:

4D printing bacterial cellulose engineered living materials microbial synthesis responsive polymers

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Three-dimensional Biomimetic Technology: Novel Biorubber Creates Defined Micro- and Macro-scale Architectures in Collagen Hydrogels

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Author Spotlight: Studying Bacterial Growth in 3D Hydrogel Matrices

Author Spotlight: Studying Bacterial Growth in 3D Hydrogel Matrices

Published on: January 19, 2024

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Engineering
Synthetic Biology
Materials Science

Background:

Engineered living structures with bacteria offer potential in biosensing, remediation, and medicine.
Achieving multifunctional capabilities (material production, shape transformation, sensing) in a single structure remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop bifunctional living structures with material production and shape-morphing properties.
To integrate cellulose-generating bacteria with pH-responsive hydrogels using 3D printing.

Main Methods:

Utilized three-dimensional (3D) printing for precise fabrication of living structures.
Synergistically integrated cellulose-generating bacteria with pH-responsive hydrogels.
Investigated processing-structure-property relationships of the bifunctional materials.

Main Results:

Successfully fabricated 3D-printed bifunctional living structures.
Demonstrated cellulose nanofiber production under ambient conditions.
Achieved reversible and controlled shape-morphing properties (four-dimensional printing).

Conclusions:

The developed living structures exhibit biomimetic properties, similar to silkworms in nanofiber generation and motion.
On-demand separation of cellulose structures and bacterial viability after processing were confirmed.
These structures hold promise for advanced biomimetic applications.