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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Customized exogenous ferredoxin functions as an efficient electron carrier.

Zhan Song1,2,3, Cancan Wei1,2,3, Chao Li1,2,3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.

Bioresources and Bioprocessing
|April 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ferredoxin (Fdx) is a key electron carrier. Adding plant-type Fdx significantly improved steroidal conversion by enabling a new electron transfer pathway involving PRF and KshA.

Keywords:
Electron bifurcationElectron transferFerredoxin[2Fe–2S] clusters

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzyme kinetics
  • Metabolic engineering

Background:

  • Ferredoxin (Fdx) is crucial for biological electron transfer.
  • Steroidal conversion pathways often rely on efficient electron carriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of [2Fe-2S] clusters in ferredoxin-oxidoreductase for steroidal conversion.
  • To enhance the production of 9α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (9OHAD) from 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD).

Main Methods:

  • Screening of a P450-derived reductase (PRF).
  • Truncation and mutagenesis of ferredoxin domains.
  • Addition of exogenous plant-type Fdx to the reaction system.
  • Analysis of protein-protein interactions and redox potential.

Main Results:

  • The [2Fe-2S] clusters in ferredoxin-oxidoreductase are essential for electron transfer in steroidal conversion.
  • Exogenous plant-type Fdx significantly boosted the conversion rate of AD.
  • A novel electron transfer pathway (PRF + Fdx + KshA) was proposed, distinct from the KshAB complex.

Conclusions:

  • The indispensable role of [2Fe-2S] clusters in electron transfer was confirmed.
  • Exogenous Fdx can serve as an efficient electron carrier to enhance steroidal conversion.
  • The newly proposed pathway offers insights for developing improved biocatalytic systems.