Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 28, 2025
07:59
A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products
Published on: October 4, 2019
9.8K
Mining methods and typical structural mechanisms of terpene cyclases.
Zheng-Yu Huang1, Ru-Yi Ye1, Hui-Lei Yu1
1State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
Bioresources and Bioprocessing
|April 23, 2024
Summary
Terpene cyclases (TCs) are key enzymes in producing diverse terpenoids. This review covers new genomic mining methods and structural mechanisms for discovering and engineering these vital natural product enzymes.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Natural Product Chemistry
- Enzymology
Background:
- Terpenoids are a vast and vital class of natural products derived from isoprenes.
- Terpene cyclases (TCs), or terpene synthases (TSs), are crucial enzymes catalyzing the ring formation in terpenoid biosynthesis.
- Understanding TCs is essential for unlocking the potential of diverse terpenoids.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent advancements in genomic mining for novel terpene cyclase resources.
- To summarize the structural mechanisms of representative terpene cyclases.
- To provide insights for the discovery, engineering, and application of new TCs.
Main Methods:
- Genomic mining strategies for identifying new terpene cyclase genes.
- Structural biology approaches to elucidate terpene cyclase mechanisms.
- Bioinformatic analysis of terpene cyclase families.
Main Results:
- Recent biotechnological advances have enabled sophisticated genomic mining for TCs.
- Detailed structural analyses reveal conserved and unique catalytic mechanisms among TCs.
- Integration of mining and mechanistic studies accelerates TC discovery and engineering.
Conclusions:
- New genomic mining techniques are expanding the repertoire of known terpene cyclases.
- Understanding terpene cyclase structures and mechanisms is critical for enzyme engineering.
- This review facilitates the future discovery, functional analysis, and biotechnological application of terpene cyclases.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview
2.3K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
2.3K
01:17Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry
2.0K
The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
2.0K
01:26Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry
1.8K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
1.8K
01:17Pericyclic Reactions: Introduction
8.3K
Pericyclic reactions are organic reactions that occur via a concerted mechanism without generating any intermediates. The reactions proceed through the movement of electrons in a closed loop to form a cyclic transition state, where rearrangement of the σ and π bonds yields specific products.
Pericyclic reactions can be classified into three categories: electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions, and sigmatropic rearrangements. Electrocyclic reactions and sigmatropic...
Pericyclic reactions can be classified into three categories: electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions, and sigmatropic rearrangements. Electrocyclic reactions and sigmatropic...
8.3K
01:27C4 Pathway and CAM
45.5K
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
45.5K
01:18Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview
2.8K
Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...
2.8K