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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
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Sodium triple quantum MR signal extraction using a single-pulse sequence with single quantum time efficiency.

Simon Reichert1,2,3, Victor Schepkin4, Dennis Kleimaier1

  • 1Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|April 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a faster method for Sodium Triple Quantum (TQ) MRI, using a single pulse to approximate TQ signals. This advance could significantly improve cell viability assessments in clinical settings.

Keywords:
Sodium MRISodiumTQmultiple quantum coherencesmulti‐quantumsodium triple quantum coherences

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Sodium Triple Quantum (TQ) signal is a key biomarker for cell viability.
  • Current Sodium TQ MRI methods require complex pulse sequences and long scan times, limiting clinical use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simplified method for approximating Sodium TQ signals using a single excitation pulse.
  • To enable faster Sodium TQ MRI without phase cycling.

Main Methods:

  • A novel method using a single excitation pulse and FID analysis to calculate TQ signals.
  • Integration with a multi-echo UTE imaging sequence on a 9.4 T preclinical MRI scanner.
  • Validation using agar samples and simulated data.

Main Results:

  • The proposed method accurately approximates Sodium TQ signals, with deviations comparable to traditional methods.
  • Minimal impact of noise and multi-compartment systems on TQ signal accuracy.
  • Demonstrated potential for fast in vivo single quantum (SQ) and TQ imaging.

Conclusions:

  • Simultaneous SQ and TQ MRI is achievable with a single-pulse sequence, improving time efficiency.
  • This simplified approach may unlock the full clinical potential of Sodium TQ MRI.