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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
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B cells and atherosclerosis: A HIV perspective.

Laventa M Obare1, Rachel H Bonami2,3,4,5, Amanda C Doran3,4,5,6

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

Journal of Cellular Physiology
|April 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

B cells play a complex role in atherosclerosis, influencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, especially in people with HIV (PLWH). Understanding these roles may lead to new B cell-targeted therapies for CVD.

Keywords:
B cellsHIVatherosclerosiscardiovascular diseaseinflammation

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2025

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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
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Investigating Aortic Valve Calcification via Isolation and Culture of T Lymphocytes using Feeder Cells from Irradiated Buffy Coat
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Virology

Background:

  • Atherosclerosis is a major cause of global cardiovascular disease (CVD), driven by inflammation and lipid metabolism.
  • B cells are implicated in atherosclerosis pathogenesis, but their role, particularly in HIV infection, is not fully understood.
  • HIV infection is associated with chronic immune activation, potentially impacting B cell function and CVD risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse functions of B cells in atherosclerosis.
  • To specifically examine the influence of HIV on B cell roles in atherosclerosis.
  • To explore the proatherogenic and antiatherogenic properties of B cells in the context of HIV.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on B cell functions in atherosclerosis.
  • Analysis of B cell roles including natural antibody production, antigen presentation, and cytokine/chemokine production.
  • Examination of how HIV-associated immune dysregulation affects B cells and CVD risk.

Main Results:

  • B cells contribute to atherosclerotic plaque development through natural antibodies targeting modified lipoproteins and cellular debris.
  • B cells modulate local and systemic immune responses via antigen presentation and cytokine production.
  • HIV may exacerbate CVD risk by altering B cell functions within the atherosclerotic environment.

Conclusions:

  • B cells possess both proatherogenic and antiatherogenic properties that influence atherosclerotic plaque development.
  • HIV significantly impacts B cell-mediated immune responses, potentially increasing CVD risk in infected individuals.
  • Further research into B cell functions in HIV-associated atherosclerosis may yield novel therapeutic targets for CVD prevention.