Scapular foramina - a systematic review with meta-analysis based on 3316 scapulae

Area of Science:

• Anatomy
• Radiology
• Orthopedics

Background:

• Scapular foramina (SF) and nutrient foramina (NF) are anatomical variations.
• Awareness of SF and NF is crucial for accurate diagnosis and surgical procedures.
• Misidentification can lead to patient harm.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review existing literature on scapular foramina (SF) and nutrient foramina (NF).
• To emphasize the clinical significance of SF and NF for healthcare professionals.
• To provide a comprehensive understanding of their prevalence and characteristics.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar).
• The search utilized specific terms related to scapular foramina and nutrient foramina.
• Data from 3316 studied scapulae were included in the meta-analysis.

Main Results:

• At least one scapular foramen (SF) was identified in 11.29% of the studied scapulae.
• The infraspinous fossa was the most common location for SF, with a prevalence of 52.31%.
• At least one nutrient foramen (NF) was found in 74.23% of the scapulae.

Conclusions:

• The study provides a detailed understanding of the prevalence and distribution of SF and NF.
• Findings highlight the importance of recognizing these foramina in clinical practice.
• Data considers variations across topographical areas, genders, and sides.