Advancements in Small Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Superoxide Anion Detection: A Review

Superoxide anion (O₂^•-), a significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) within biological systems, plays a widespread role in cellular function regulation and is closely linked to the onset and progression of numerous diseases. To unveil the pathological implications of O₂^•- in these diseases, the development of effective monitoring techniques within biological systems is imperative. Small molecule fluorescent probes have garnered considerable attention due to their advantages: simplicity in operation, heightened sensitivity, exceptional selectivity, and direct applicability in monitoring living cells, tissues, and animals. In the past few years, few reports have focused on small molecule fluorescence probes for the detection of O₂^•-. In this small review, we systematically summarize the design and application of O₂^•- responsive small molecule fluorescent probes. In addition, we present the limitations of the current detection of O₂^•- and suggest the construction of new fluorescent imaging probes to indicate O₂^•- in living cells and in vivo.