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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
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Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Efficient Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Benzenes in Water via Persulfate-promoted Benzannulation of α,β-Unsaturated Compounds and Alkynes
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Research progress of persulfate activation technology.

Luyu Dong1, Yujin Xia1, Zhixin Hu1

  • 1School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
|April 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) effectively remove organic pollutants. This review details persulfate activation methods and applications in water treatment over the last decade.

Keywords:
Degradation mechanismIn situ groundwater treatmentOrganic pollutionPersulfateTransition metalWastewater treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Treatment Technologies
  • Advanced Oxidation Processes

Background:

  • Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) are highly efficient for removing trace organic pollutants.
  • Extensive research covers the degradation of pesticides, drugs, halogen compounds, and dyes using PS-AOPs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive bibliometric overview of persulfate-based advanced oxidation technology research from the past decade.
  • To summarize activation strategies, mechanisms, and applications of PS-AOPs in organic pollution removal.

Main Methods:

  • Bibliometric statistical analysis of research publications over the last 10 years.
  • Review of widely employed persulfate activation strategies, including carbon material, photocatalysis, transition metal, electrochemical, ultrasonic, thermal, and alkali activation.
  • Discussion of activation mechanisms, influencing factors, and applications in wastewater and groundwater treatment.

Main Results:

  • A steady increase in publications on persulfate activation indicates growing international collaboration.
  • Key activation strategies and their mechanisms have been identified and analyzed.
  • Current applications of PS-AOPs in wastewater and in situ groundwater treatment are examined.

Conclusions:

  • PS-AOPs are a promising technology for organic pollutant removal from complex water matrices.
  • This review consolidates existing knowledge to guide future research and prevent misunderstandings in PS-AOP applications.
  • Further research is needed to optimize PS-AOPs for diverse organic pollution scenarios.