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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

109.5K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

104.4K
Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
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Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

Hydrolysis of ATP

72.4K
The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine...
72.4K
Enthalpy02:59

Enthalpy

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Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum of a system’s internal energy (E) and the mathematical product of its pressure (P) and volume (V):
35.2K
Aquaporins01:25

Aquaporins

5.0K
Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.
5.0K
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

11.9K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Scientific Hero: Dr. James E. K. Hildreth.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Dr. Hildreth, an infectious disease expert, became a key national figure during the COVID-19 pandemic. His expertise led to roles on the FDA Vaccine Committee and Biden

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    Area of Science:

    • Infectious Diseases
    • Public Health Policy
    • Academic Health Sciences

    Background:

    • Dr. Hildreth's extensive experience in infectious diseases.
    • His leadership at Meharry Medical College, a prominent historically Black academic health sciences center.
    • The evolving landscape of public health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Observation:

    • Dr. Hildreth's recognized expertise in infectious diseases.
    • His appointment to critical national advisory roles.
    • The intersection of academic leadership and public health crisis response.

    Findings:

    • Dr. Hildreth's significant contributions to the national response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • His role in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee.
    • His appointment to President Biden's Health Equity Task Force.

    Implications:

    • The importance of experienced infectious disease experts in public health crises.
    • The role of historically Black academic health sciences centers in national health initiatives.
    • The impact of expert guidance on vaccine approval and health equity strategies.