Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

3.4K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
3.4K
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

5.5K
The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
5.5K
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

10.9K
While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
10.9K
Bias01:22

Bias

4.2K
Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
4.2K
Inductive Reasoning00:59

Inductive Reasoning

60.4K
Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...
60.4K
Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

12.8K
According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
12.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cooperation conflicts with equality when allocating public goods.

Nature·2026
Same author

The evolution of trust under institutional moral hazard.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

A population threshold for dedicated teaching.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Individual incentives that promote collective intelligence.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

The war of the worldviews.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Institutions of public judgment established by social contract and taxation.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2025

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.7K

Indirect reciprocity with Bayesian reasoning and biases.

Bryce Morsky1,2, Joshua B Plotkin2, Erol Akçay2

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.

Plos Computational Biology
|April 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Bayesian reasoning can decrease cooperation by making reputation assessments less reliable. However, under the Scoring norm, it can surprisingly enhance cooperation and promote diverse strategies.

More Related Videos

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task
12:10

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Published on: March 4, 2022

2.6K
Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias
09:03

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

Published on: February 29, 2020

5.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2025

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.7K
Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task
12:10

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Published on: March 4, 2022

2.6K
Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias
09:03

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

Published on: February 29, 2020

5.8K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Game Theory
  • Social Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Reputations drive cooperation via indirect reciprocity, but require consensus on individual behavior.
  • Disagreements in reputation assessments, caused by errors, can disrupt cooperation and lead to unfair outcomes.
  • Existing mechanisms like public systems and empathy aim to improve reputation agreement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate Bayesian reasoning as an alternative mechanism for observers to assess reputations accurately.
  • To model how Bayesian reasoning influences cooperation under various social norms and belief biases.
  • To compare cooperation levels with and without Bayesian reasoning in reputation assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an evolutionary game theoretical model incorporating Bayesian reasoning for reputation assessment.
  • Analyzed the model analytically and numerically across five social norms: Scoring, Shunning, Simple Standing, Staying, and Stern Judging.
  • Examined the impact of optimistic and pessimistic biases in prior beliefs about population cooperation.

Main Results:

  • Bayesian reasoning generally reduced cooperation compared to non-reasoning agents, except under the Scoring norm.
  • The Scoring norm, combined with Bayesian reasoning, facilitated the coexistence of three distinct strategic types.
  • Optimism in prior beliefs typically decreased cooperation, while pessimism sometimes enhanced it.

Conclusions:

  • Bayesian reasoning can be a double-edged sword for cooperation, depending on the social norm and individual biases.
  • The Scoring norm appears particularly robust, benefiting from Bayesian reasoning to foster stable, diverse cooperative strategies.
  • Understanding belief biases is crucial, as they significantly modulate the effects of reputation systems on cooperation.