Hypertension in middle-aged men. Management, morbidity and prognostic factors during long-term hypertensive care
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Long-term hypertension management in a specialized clinic showed low dropout and adverse effects. While blood pressure control was achieved for many, cardiovascular complications persisted, highlighting the need for ongoing risk factor intervention.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Public Health
- Hypertension Management
Background:
- Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
- Effective long-term management is crucial for preventing morbidity and mortality.
- Understanding the impact of interventions in real-world clinical settings is essential.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the 10-year outcomes of hypertension management in a specialized out-patient clinic.
- To assess blood pressure control, target organ involvement, and cardiovascular morbidity.
- To identify prognostic factors and the impact of antihypertensive treatment on mortality and morbidity.
Main Methods:
- A 10-year prospective study of 686 middle-aged male hypertensives.
- Patients were part of a multifactorial primary prevention trial.
- Data collected included dropout rates, side effects, blood pressure, target organ status, and cardiovascular events.
Main Results:
- Low 10-year dropout rate (5%) and severe adverse drug effects (3% per year).
- Two-thirds of patients achieved goal blood pressure (<160/95 mm Hg), often requiring combination therapy and gradual adjustments.
- Despite BP control, cardiovascular complications like angina pectoris, intermittent claudication, and heart failure increased, with smoking and ECG abnormalities as risk factors.
Conclusions:
- Specialized hypertension clinics can achieve good patient retention and safety.
- Achieving target blood pressure is possible but may take time and combination therapy.
- Long-term cardiovascular risk remains significant, emphasizing the need for comprehensive risk factor management beyond blood pressure control.
Abstract:
The effects of long-term (10 years) management at a special out-patient hypertension clinic with respect to dropout rate, side effects, blood pressure (BP) control, target organ involvement, prognostic factors and cardiovascular morbidity have been studied in 686 middle-aged male hypertensives. The impact of antihypertensive treatment, as one ingredient of multiple risk factor intervention, on mortality and morbidity in an urban, male population have been analysed. The hypertensive patients were derived from a random sample of men, aged 47-54 years at entry, constituting the intervention group (n = 7,455) of a multifactorial primary prevention trail. The whole population sample was studied regarding the effect of treatment on morbidity. The 10-year drop-out rate (declined follow-up/unknown reasons) was low (5%) being highest during the first year. The frequency of severe adverse drug effects was low (3% per year) after the initial period when treatment was started. An acceptable BP reduction was achieved in the majority of patients, but in many cases first after a few years' treatment and requiring combination drug therapy. Two-thirds of the patients achieved the goal BP (i.e. less than 160/95 mm Hg). These results are attributed to the organisation of the clinic and emphasise the need for frequent check-ups during the early phase of treatment and an easy accessibility to nurses and physicians. Except for a significant regression of ST- and T-wave changes on the conventional ECG during the first treatment year signs of heart (conventional ECG, chest X-ray) and kidney (albuminuria, serum creatinine) involvement remained unchanged or increased slightly during follow-up. Angina pectoris (AP), intermittent claudication (IC) and congestive heart failure (CHF) were common complications. The prevalence increased steadily with an average annual incidence of 1.3% (AP), 0.6% (IC) and 0.6% (CHF). ECG signs indicating subclinical heart disease were risk factor for AP and CHF. Smoking was an independent risk factor for any one of these cardiovascular disorders. The 10-year incidence of total mortality was 11.1%, and of CHD and stroke morbidity 12.2% and 4.1%, respectively. Independent risk factors (entry variables) for CHD were diastolic BP, smoking, serum cholesterol, AP and proteinuria. A previous stroke, smoking and proteinuria were independently associated with stroke morbidity. Hence, the risk factor pattern was similar to that known to operate in the general population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)