Microscale dynamics promote segregated denitrification in diatom aggregates sinking slowly in bulk oxygenated...

Sinking marine particles drive the biological pump that naturally sequesters carbon from the atmosphere. Despite their small size, the compartmentalized nature of particles promotes intense localized metabolic activity by their bacterial colonizers. Yet the mechanisms promoting the onset of denitrification, a metabolism that arises once oxygen is limiting, remain to be established. Here we show experimentally that slow sinking aggregates composed of marine diatoms-important primary producers for global carbon export-support active denitrification even among bulk oxygenated water typically thought to exclude anaerobic metabolisms. Denitrification occurs at anoxic microsites distributed throughout a particle and within microns of a particle's boundary, and fluorescence-reporting bacteria show nitrite can be released into the water column due to segregated dissimilatory reduction of nitrate and nitrite. Examining intact and broken diatoms as organic sources, we show slowly leaking cells promote more bacterial growth, allow particles to have lower oxygen, and generally support greater denitrification.