Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 27, 2025
Exergaming in Older People Living with HIV Improves Balance, Mobility and Ameliorates Some Aspects of Frailty
Published on: October 6, 2016
Higher cardiovascular disease risks in people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis
San Zhu1,2, Wenjing Wang1, Jiaze He1
1Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
Insights
People living with HIV have increased risks for cardiovascular diseases like dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction compared to HIV-negative individuals. Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) may lower these risks.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) significantly impacts the prognosis and quality of life for people living with HIV (PLWH).
- Understanding the comparative risk of CVD between PLWH and HIV-negative individuals is crucial but remains poorly defined.
- This systematic review investigates CVD risk factors specifically associated with HIV infection.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and quantify the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to HIV-negative individuals.
- To identify specific CVD risk factors and their prevalence among PLWH.
- To assess the impact of active antiretroviral therapy (ART) on CVD risk in PLWH.
Main Methods:
- A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases (January 2015 - May 2023).
- Studies reporting prevalence and risk factors of hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), and myocardial infarction (MI) were included.
- Data were analyzed using a random-effects model due to high heterogeneity, with statistical analyses performed in Stata/MP 17.0.
Main Results:
- Analysis of 31 studies (312,913 PLWH) revealed higher risks of dyslipidemia (HR=1.53), CAD (HR=1.37), and MI (HR=1.47) in PLWH compared to controls.
- No significant difference in hypertension prevalence was observed (HR=1.17).
- Subgroup analyses indicated higher CVD prevalence in male, smoking, and elderly PLWH, with regional variations noted. Early ART initiation post-2015 correlated with lower CVD risk.
Conclusions:
- PLWH face a significantly elevated risk of CVD compared to the general population, necessitating enhanced prevention strategies.
- Prompt initiation of ART appears to mitigate CVD incidence among PLWH.
- Further research is essential to elucidate specific risk factors (e.g., age, region) for targeted CVD screening and management in PLWH.
Background:
The prognosis of AIDS after active antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLWH) are both affected by non-AIDS-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the specific risk ratios between PLWH and individuals negative for HIV are poorly understood. We aimed to systematically review and investigate the CVD risk factors associated with HIV.
Methods:
We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases between 1 January 2015, and 12 May 2023 for articles reported the prevalence and risk factors of CVD such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), and myocardial infarction (MI). Due to the high heterogeneity, we used a random-effects model to analyse the data. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata/MP 17.0 with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results:
We analysed 31 eligible studies including 312 913 PLWH. People living with HIV had higher risks of dyslipidaemia (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.29, 1.82), CAD (HR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.24, 1.51), and MI (HR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.28, 1.68) compared to individuals without HIV. However, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension between groups (HR = 1.17; 95% CI = 0.97, 1.41). Subgroup analysis revealed that men with HIV, PLWH who smoked and the elderly PLWH had a high prevalence of CVD. Moreover, the disease prevalence patterns varied among regions. In the USA and Europe, for instance, some HRs for CVD were higher than in other regions. Active ART initiation after 2015 appears to have a lower risk of CVD (hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, CAD). All outcomes under analysis showed significant heterogeneity (I2>70%, P < 0.001), which the available study-level variables could only partially account for.
Conclusions:
People living with HIV had a higher CVD risk than the general population; thus, CVD prevention in PLWH requires further attention. Rapid initiation of ART may reduce the incidence of CVD in PLWH. For timely screening of CVD high-risk individuals and thorough disease management to prevent CVD, further studies are required to evaluate the risk factors for CVD among PLWH, such as age, region, etc.
Registration:
PROSPERO (CRD42021255508).
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:29Pulmonary Tuberculosis I
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
01:27Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
01:26Sexually Transmitted Infections
01:20Exercise and Cardiovascular Response
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
01:10Retrovirus Life Cycles
01:26Imbalances in Cardiac Output
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...