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Related Concept Videos

Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

Taste Buds and Receptors

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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

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The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
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Gustation01:43

Gustation

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Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Introduction to Special Senses01:26

Introduction to Special Senses

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Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive...
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Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Electronic Tongue Generating Continuous Recognition Patterns for Protein Analysis
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Electronic Tongues and Noses: A General Overview.

Diego Tibaduiza1, Maribel Anaya1, Johan Gómez1

  • 1Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia.

Biosensors
|April 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electronic tongues and noses offer advanced chemical sensing for industries, replacing traditional methods. These technologies provide accurate analysis for environmental, food, and medical applications, enhancing safety and efficiency.

Keywords:
applicationselectronic noseelectronic tonguetrends

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Area of Science:

  • Sensor Technology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Electronic tongues and noses are advanced sensing devices crucial for various industries.
  • Traditional methods like expert panels or lab tests are time-consuming and prone to human error.
  • Technological advancements are driving the development and adoption of these sophisticated sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of electronic tongues and noses, focusing on developed approaches.
  • To review methodologies used in data analysis for these sensing systems.
  • To highlight diverse applications and conclude on the current state of the technology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of developed approaches in electronic tongue and nose technology.
  • Analysis of data processing methodologies for sensor outputs.
  • Compilation of current and potential applications across different sectors.

Main Results:

  • Electronic tongues and noses accurately detect and identify substances and gases.
  • These devices offer solutions to the limitations of traditional analytical methods.
  • Significant advancements have been made in their development and application.

Conclusions:

  • Electronic tongues and noses are increasingly vital across multiple industries.
  • Continued technological improvement will expand their role in safety and quality assurance.
  • The field shows great potential for future innovations and widespread adoption.