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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor Microenvironment Modulation by Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.

Artem Ten1, Vadim Kumeiko1, Vladislav Farniev1

  • 1School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia.

Cells
|April 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Tumor microenvironment cells and tumor-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) drive cancer progression and therapy resistance. This review explores how EVs, including exosomes, transform normal cells and impact cancer diagnosis and treatment.

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cancer stem cellcancer-associated endothelial cellscancer-associated fibroblastcancer-associated neutrophilexosometumor microenvironmenttumor-associated macrophage

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial for tumorigenesis, influencing cancer cell growth, metabolism, invasion, and resistance to therapies.
  • Key TME cells like cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells modulate tumor progression and heterogeneity.
  • Tumor-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized for their role in transforming normal cells into protumorigenic counterparts within the TME.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • To elucidate the specific mechanisms by which exosomes contribute to the transformation of normal cells within the TME.
  • To highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs in cancer management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • Analysis of studies investigating EV-mediated transfer of molecules (RNA, proteins, lipids) and their impact on cellular phenotypes.
  • Synthesis of current research on exosomes and their contribution to cancer progression and heterogeneity.

Main Results:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication within the TME, promoting cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and immune evasion.
  • EVs, particularly exosomes, facilitate the reprogramming of normal stromal cells into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs).
  • The molecular cargo of EVs influences tumor heterogeneity and resistance to conventional cancer treatments like chemoradiotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical effectors in shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME) and driving cancer development.
  • Understanding EV functions, especially exosomes, offers novel strategies for cancer diagnosis and the development of targeted therapies.
  • Targeting EV-mediated communication presents a promising avenue for overcoming therapeutic resistance and improving patient outcomes.